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An art model is a model who poses for any visual artist as part of the creative process. The most common types of art works which use models are figure drawing, figure painting, sculpture and photography, but almost any medium may be used. Art models are often paid professionals who pose or provide the human figure in a work of art. Though professional, art models are usually anonymous and unacknowledged subjects of the work. Models are most frequently employed for art classes or by informal groups of experienced artists that gather to share the expense of a model. Models are also employed privately by professional artists. Although commercial motives dominate over aesthetics in illustration, its artwork commonly employs models. For example, Norman Rockwell used his friends and neighbors as models for both his commercial and fine art work.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A Day in the Life of Norman Rockwell Model Chuck Marsh )〕 An individual who is having their own portrait painted or sculpted is usually called a "sitter" rather than a model, since they are paying to have the work done rather than being paid to pose.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=sitter )〕 Throughout the history of Western art, drawing the human figure from living models was considered the most effective way to develop the skill of draftsmanship. First, it is best to draw from real objects, rather than copying two dimensional images.〔Nicolaides〕 Second, an artist has a connection to drawing another human being that cannot exist with any other subject.〔Berry, p.4〕〔Jacobs, p. 58〕 Models for life drawing classes are usually nude. In the classroom setting, where the purpose is to learn how to draw the human form in all the different shapes, ages and ethnicity, there are no real limitations on who the model can be. In some cases, the model may pose with various props, one or more other models, against real or artificial background, in natural or artificial light and so on. The role of art models has changed through different eras as the meaning and importance of the human figure in art and society has changed.〔Clark, Ch.1 ''The Naked and the Nude''〕〔Postle & Vaughn Pt. I: From Academy to Art School〕 More than being simply the subject of art, models are often thought of as muses, a source of inspiration without whom the art would not exist.〔Steinhart, Ch. 9, "waiting for a Muse"〕 Nude modeling, nude art and nudity in general are at times subject to social disapproval, at least by some elements in society.〔Phillips, Ch.4 "Defining the Line"〕 ==Posing== Poses can range in length from seconds to many hours. There is a drawing exercise were the model slowly but continuously moves, but the shortest is usually one minute. Short dynamic poses are used for gesture drawing exercises or warm-ups, with the model taking strenuous or precarious positions that could not be sustained for a longer pose—just long enough for the artist to quickly capture the essence of it. Drawing sessions proceed though groups of 5, 10, 15, or 20 minute poses generally for a total of three hours. Active, gestural, or challenging standing poses are often scheduled at the beginning of a session when the models' energy level is highest. Specific exercises or lesson plans may require a particular type of pose, but more often the model is expected to do a series of poses with little direction. The more a model knows about the types of exercises used to teach art, the better they become at posing.〔Steinhart〕 File:2009-08-31-akt-muehla-001.jpg|alt=Reclining Pose|Reclining File:2009-08-31-akt-muehla-099.jpg|alt=Semi-Reclining Pose|Semi-Reclining/Prone File:2009-08-31-akt-muehla-114.jpg|alt=Sitting Pose|Sitting File:2009-08-31-akt-muehla-054.jpg|alt=Standing Pose|Standing Poses fall into three basic categories: standing, seated and reclining. Within each of these there are varying levels of difficulty, so one kind is not always easier than another. Artists and life drawing instructors will often prefer poses in which the body is being exerted, for a more dynamic and aesthetically interesting subject. Common poses such as standing twists, slouched seated poses and especially the classical contrapposto are difficult to sustain accurately for any amount of time, although it is often surprising what a skilled model can do. The model's level of experience and skill may be taken into account in determining the length of the posing session and the difficulty of the poses. While posing, a model is expected to remain essentially motionless,〔Bulloch, p. 47–48〕 and usually remains silent.〔Phillips, p.64 "Talking"〕 Exact requirements may vary depending upon the artist or instructor, but an experienced model will not speak, wriggle, scratch, or readjust during the pose. To accommodate the physical limitations, a schedule such as 25 minutes of posing, with five- or ten-minute breaks is observed. These breaks—during which the model usually wears a robe or puts on clothing—allow the model to stretch, relax and attend to other needs. In art schools classrooms or studios, the model usually poses on a raised platform called the model stand or dais. In sculpture studios this platform may be built to rotate to allow for a 360° view for every artist.〔Rooney, p.17〕 Long poses are generally required for painting (hours) and sculpture (perhaps days). To aid in resuming a long pose after a break, chalk marks and/or masking tape are often placed on the model stand. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Model (art)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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